General View of the Online Gambling World

The UIGEA (Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act), which is currently perhaps the worst and most glaring issue, will catch your attention when viewing the online gambling world in general. The issue really only pertains directly to the US. On the other hand, this act extends its fangs as well to the international community. Basically, UIGEA makes hard the task of transferring money to gambling sites through certain banking options. It has been valid, even though in a very unclear and ineffective way, as of 2007.

What’s the result? The closing down of online gambling sites since the stock market investments’ drastic reduction, the prohibition of a large number of players (particularly in the US) to play in online gambling sites, and having lesser places to gamble in for players in various countries. The effect of UIGEA, is seemingly, far beyond of certain US players being banned on online gambling. The community has also been affected by it in general and several sites has ended.

Specifying the Online Gambling World

You are most likely wondering what’s going-on in some countries, after a having an idea of what exactly is going on in the online gambling world. To make matters clear, the UIGEA has not stopped US players from gambling online. Truly, persistent activity exists since several US states do not prohibit people from it.

To make up for the strict measures employed by countries like the US are places that even encourage and use it as a shooting point for its prosperity. These places include Barbuda and Antigua, both in Caribbean. Online gambling has been booming on both places, for a long time already. In fact, there are many online casinos that have been licensed in Caribbean. This is because of their breezy transactions and low taxes.

Online gambling is not prohibited in several other countries along with Antigua and Barbuda. The following countries which allow this form of gambling are South Korea, Germany, Australia, and several other countries. Maybe they know its inherent potential to enhance the welfare of their countries.

Future of Online Gambling

A lot of debates about the stability of the industry have been created. The proof, nevertheless, of what is real and true already emphasizes it. In spite of the few obstructions it is now undergoing, online gambling will surely prosper and thrive. Should it come out of these trials, it will be an even stronger and more lucrative industry.

When it comes to the gambling statistics related to what kinds of games Americans are playing, there might be some surprises. While commercial casinos still take in the largest share of legal gambling revenue (43% in 2000), and lotteries take second place (28% in 2000), online gambling is estimated to bring in an amount that is roughly equal to what is spent in Indian casinos each year. As the internet reaches more homes, so does online gambling. And unfortunately, so do some of the possible negative side effects.

People who oppose gambling in general believe that it brings higher crime rates to an area. Of course, this isn’t eligible for online gambling, unless you consider the possibility of your financial information being misused or hacked. But this risk isn’t any greater with online gambling than with online shopping or bill paying.

What is a concern is compulsive gambling. Some statistics on online gambling have shown that about ½ of 1% of the population may have a problem with compulsive gambling. True compulsive gambling means that the person cannot control their impulse to make the next bet, even when they are risking their job, home, health, or relationships. And United States gambling statistics show that people are twice as likely to become addicted to gambling when a casino is located within 50 miles of their home. With the advent of online casinos, there is no longer any true distance at all between a gambler and a casino, meaning more people have the potential to become addicted to their favorite online gambling game at a higher rate than to live gambling or playing the lottery. This has lead opponents of online gaming to call it the ‘crack cocaine’ of the gambling world.

This problem has a serious impact for those who suffer from it, with compulsive gambling statistics showing that as much as 48% of the members of Gamblers Anonymous have considered suicide. And of those, more than 10% report having made a suicide attempt.

Plus, some opponents fear that there is a great deal of opportunity for money laundering and organized crime via online casinos. Since the US doesn’t allow any of them to be located in the country, companies have set up shop in foreign countries with questionable, if any, regulations. Some fear that US online gamblers may be unknowingly contributing to criminal activity.

However, for the majority of us, compulsive gambling statistics don’t apply. Online gambling is just another way to enjoy the internet, and perhaps to even earn some extra spending money! If you are able to set a limit on the amount you spend and stick to it, and if you don’t endanger yours or your family’s financial well being with the limit you set, then chances are you will not become one of the negative gambling statistics. But if you do ever find that your online gambling affects your work, your family, your health, your finances, or your social life, then you may need to seek some professional help.

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In this review, we examine some pertinent and extant academic literature on effective adverse selection and moral hazard optimal mitigation strategies. Each mitigation strategy has costs and benefits. Therefore, the objective function is to maximize the net benefit of mitigation strategies. In practice, the optimal risk mitigation strategy equates marginal costs to marginal benefits by minimizing the incidence of adverse effects derivative of decision failures and maximizing the profit producing capacity of the enterprise.

Adverse selection and moral hazard are terms used in risk management, managerial economic and policy sciences to characterize situations where one party to a market transaction is at a disadvantage due to asymmetric information. In market transactions, adverse selection occurs when there is a lack of symmetric information prior to agreements between sellers and buyers, while moral hazard occurs when there is asymmetric information between the two parties and material changes in behavior of one party after agreements have been concluded.

For example, adverse selection arises in any situation in which one party to a contract or negotiation, possesses material information relevant to the contract or negotiation that the other party lacks; this asymmetric material information leads the party lacking relevant and material information to make decisions that cause it to suffer adverse effects. Therefore, adverse selection occurs when one party makes decisions without all the relevant material information, which changes the risks allocation between the parties to the transactions.

When one party has access to better or material relevant information than the other party during a transaction, it is said that one has asymmetric information. Therefore, when a party has asymmetric information, they may make an adverse selection. Adverse selection arises when the actual risk is substantially higher than the risk known at the time the agreement was reached. One party suffers adverse effects by accepting terms or receiving prices that do not accurately reflect actual risk exposure. The consequences of asymmetric information may be exacerbated by bounded rationality and cognitive biases attendant to most competitive use of information. Conversely, moral hazard occurs when a party conceals or misrepresents material relevant information and changes behavior after the agreement is concluded and is shielded from the consequences of the risks emanating from material change in behavior.

Economic and policy sciences suggest the decision makers must not only know, but indeed, understand and anticipate consequences of asymmetric information to mitigate risks of adverse effects attendant to adverse selection and moral hazard. There are classic examples from academia and insurance industry.

Non-selective academic programs attract a disproportionate number of students whose previous academic background and profile make them higher risk for academic success, retention, graduation, and placement. Indeed, this is a classic case of adverse effects derivative of adverse selection and moral hazard.

For example, non-selective admission process combines recruitment and selection which results in adverse selection. And once admitted, refusal to attend classes, refusal to complete assignments, refusal to take notes in classes, critical listening, disruptive and inattentive conduct in classes are instances of post-enrollment moral hazard that make non-selective students a higher risk for retention, graduation and placement. Please note, it is not the change in behavior per se that causes moral hazard in this instance. It is the discounted consequences from changed behavior that gives rise to moral hazard.

There is gathering evidence that some of these non-selective academic programs are increasingly willing to accept higher risks derivative of adverse selection and moral hazard because their operating budget is enrollment driven. Therefore, in the short-run enrollment is a more pressing need than retention, graduation and placement rates. The focus on enrollment is necessary but short-sighted and misguided because in practice, these benchmarks and indices are interrelated, circular and cumulative.

In the insurance industry, insured healthy females in child bearing age and healthy middle-aged females who subsequently seek creative ways to get pregnant present adverse selection and moral hazard problems. Further, insurance applicants whose actual risks are substantially higher than the risks known by the insurance company are potentially interesting case studies. The insurance company suffers adverse effects by offering coverage at premiums that do not accurately reflect its actual risks exposure.

Risks Mitigation Strategies and Some Practical Guidance

Please consult with competent professional for specific advice. The following are general guidelines based on review of extant academic literature, cumulative professional practice and best industry practices. In sum, adverse selection and moral hazard derivative of asymmetric information expose parties to transactions to undue amounts of higher risks for which they are not adequately and appropriately compensated. Therefore, it is essential for parties to take all the steps possible to mitigate risks of adverse effects derivative of asymmetric information and the attendant decision failures.

Managerial economic principles and best industry practices suggest screening and sorting to mitigate adverse selection, and incentive contracts to mitigate moral hazard. Additionally, strategic intelligence systems (SIS) that provide relevant, accurate and timely identification and quantification of risk factors is strongly recommended.

In risk management, the use of aggregate limits of liability and policy riders that proscribe post-contract material unilateral actions, and caps aggregate financial risks to parties is strongly recommended. Further, dispositive disclosure, discovery, monitoring, random inspection, and verification are highly recommended.

Finally, because adverse selection derives from hidden characteristics and profiles and moral hazard derives from hidden actions, the decision systems and strategic intelligence systems must be transparent and provide relevant, accurate and timely information to facilitate decisions based on known probability of risks incidence and allocation between the parties to the transactions with due and appropriate compensation.

When you come across a game of craps, there’s a good chance that it will employ the standard rules. However, variations on craps do exist, and the following are some of the most common:

Simple Craps – In this basic version of the game, the player wins on a roll of 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, and 12. If a 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 is rolled, the player loses.

High Point Craps – A player wins if they get an 11 or 12 on their first roll. If a 2 or 3 are thrown on the initial roll, the dice are returned to the player for another try. Any number from 4 to 10 can be established as the point, and the player must exceed that total on their next roll.

Crapless Craps – The player can’t lose on the come out roll, but the only automatic winner is the 7. Since the house edge is nearly quadrupled, most experienced players avoid this game.

Die Rich Craps – A single die is used in this version of the game, and the player wins on the come out roll by getting a 6. The pass line bet loses on a 1, and the numbers 2 through 5 establish the point. The player then gets three rolls to make the point, and the payout fluctuates with the number of rolls. Rolling a 1, however, always results in a loss.

Chuck a Luck – Three dice are rolled from a shaker, and players wager on a number from 1 to 6. The bettor wins according to how many times their chosen number comes up on the roll. While it’s closer to sic bo than craps, novice players may confuse the two.

New York Craps – There are several differences in the rules, but the biggest is that Come and Don’t Come wagers aren’t allowed. This variant can be found on the East Coast, as well as certain parts of Europe.

Best Craps Bets

If you want to reduce the casino advantage as low as possible, stick with the following wagers.

Pass Odds- If the come-out roll results in a 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, or 10, the player can take odds by wagering a set multiple of the pass line bet. This new wager wins if the point is made, and it pays at the following odds: 2:1 for a 4 or 10; 3:2 for a 5 or 9; and 6:5 for a 6 or 8.

Don’t Pass Odds – Like the previous wager, except this time the player is betting on a 7 to be rolled after the point has been established. Pays 1:2 against a 4 or 10; 2:3 against a 5 or 9; and 5:6 against a 6 or 8.

Worst Craps Bets

Craps at US casinos provide a lot of fun betting options, but some of them are heavily slanted in favor of the house. If you want to gamble smart, always avoid the following wagers:

Any 7 – Pays 4:1if the shooter rolls a 7. Unfortunately, the house edge is 16.67%.

World – Pays 26:5 if a 2 or 12 are rolled and 11:5 on a 3 or 11. If a 7 comes up, the result is a push. The house edge is 13.33%.

The Art of Dice Control

If you’re playing craps games online, this won’t be an option. For the land-based player, however, dice control is an interesting strategy that’s intended to negate the random nature of the game. The player positions the dice in his hand and tosses them in such a way that they graze the back wall instead of bouncing off.

Casinos frown on dice control, so hours of practice are needed to perfect its execution. Some Gamblingpedia.org experts argue that it’s impossible to determine the outcome of the roll with any consistency, although there are players who claim over 100 throws in a row using this method.